A woman buried in Ukraine in the Early Bronze Age era

I3141
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
I3141
Date:
3300 BCE - 2500 BCE
Biological Sex:
Female
mtDNA:
H15b1
Y-DNA:
Not applicable
Cultural Period:
Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Ukraine
Location
Country:
Ukraine
Locality:
Shevchenko. OAE-2003
Coordinates:
48.2204, 37.1461
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Yamnaya culture, often linked to the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) speakers, is a significant archaeological culture from the Early Bronze Age, approximately between 3300 BCE and 2600 BCE. It is primarily located in the Pontic-Caspian steppe region, covering parts of modern-day Ukraine, Russia, and into Eastern Europe. The Yamnaya culture is recognized as a major contributor to the genetic and cultural landscape of Europe and Asia, often associated with the spread of the Indo-European languages.

Geographical Context

The epicenter of the Yamnaya culture can be located in the vast steppes of what is now Ukraine and southern Russia. This area, characterized by its fertile soil and open plains, was ideally suited for pastoral nomadism, which played a significant role in the lifestyle of the Yamnaya people. The environment facilitated easy movement and allowed for an economy based on herding and some agriculture.

Cultural Characteristics

  1. Economy and Subsistence: The Yamnaya people were predominantly pastoralists, focusing on cattle, sheep, and goat herding. This lifestyle required mobility, and they likely engaged in a transhumant pastoralism practice, moving their herds seasonally to access new pastures. Supplementary to herding, they also practiced some agriculture and hunting to support their subsistence.

  2. Social Structure: The Yamnaya culture is characterized by a relatively flat social structure with emerging signs of social stratification. The appearance of differentiated burials and grave goods suggests the beginning of social roles and hierarchy, but higher ranks were mostly limited to the leaders or individuals distinguished by skill or experience.

  3. Burial Practices: One of the hallmarks of the Yamnaya culture is its burial practices. The dead were often interred in large burial mounds known as kurgans. Bodies were typically laid in a supine position (on their back) under a tumulus, accompanied by grave goods that suggest beliefs in an afterlife and the importance of social status even after death. These burials often included animal sacrifices, lithic tools, and pottery, which provide insights into their ritualistic and daily life.

  4. Material Culture: The material culture of the Yamnaya people included polished stone tools and minimal use of metal, primarily copper. Their pottery was rather simple and undecorated, mainly serving practical purposes. The Yamnaya utilized wool and other textiles, evidenced by textile tools found at various sites.

  5. Technological Innovations: The Yamnaya culture is credited with significant advancements, particularly in transportation. They are believed to have been among the first to domesticate the horse systematically, which revolutionized transport and trade across the vast Eurasian steppes. This mastery of horse-riding facilitated their expansion and could have played a crucial role in the dissemination of Indo-European languages.

  6. Language and Legacy: Linguistically, the Yamnaya culture is often connected to the Proto-Indo-European language family. The migration patterns and genetic studies indicate that they may have been influential in spreading Indo-European languages across Europe and Asia, contributing to the vast linguistic diversity seen in these regions today.

Genetic Contributions

Recent genetic studies have shown that individuals from the Yamnaya culture carried genetic markers that are widespread in modern Europe, particularly in northern and northeastern Europe. These studies have traced the movement of Yamnaya and their genetic influence, supporting theories of large-scale migrations that contributed to the formation of numerous ancient European populations.

Legacy and Influence

The legacy of the Yamnaya culture extends far beyond their immediate geographical region. Their innovations in transportation and their genetic and linguistic contributions have had lasting impacts on subsequent European cultures. Many modern European languages can trace their roots back to the movements and influences of Yamnaya speakers. Moreover, aspects of Yamnaya culture, such as kurgan burial mounds, influenced succeeding cultures across Eurasia, showcasing an enduring cultural heritage.

In conclusion, the Yamnaya culture represents an essential period in early European history, marked by significant technological, cultural, and linguistic developments that helped shape the future of the continent. Their ability to adapt and thrive in the expansive steppes of the Bronze Age set the foundations for future Indo-European expansions.

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I5873 Neolithic Ukraine 5472 BCE Volniensky. Vilnianka, Ukraine View
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I5409 Mesolithic Iron Gates, Serbia 9300 BCE Padina, Serbia View
I5773 Mesolithic Iron Gates, Serbia 8240 BCE Vlasac, Serbia View
I4666 Neolithic Iron Gates, Serbia 6222 BCE Lepenski Vir, Serbia View
I4657 Mesolithic Iron Gates, Serbia 9755 BCE Vlasac, Serbia View
I4081 Mesolithic Iron Gates, Romania 7581 BCE Iron Gates. Ostrovul Corbului, Romania View
I4655 Mesolithic Iron Gates, Romania 7059 BCE Iron Gates. Schela Cladovei, Romania View
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I3716 5473 BCE Volniensky. Vilnianka, Ukraine View
I4081 7581 BCE Iron Gates. Ostrovul Corbului, Romania View
I4626 5838 BCE Zvejnieki, Latvia View
I4655 7059 BCE Iron Gates. Schela Cladovei, Romania View
I4657 9755 BCE Vlasac, Serbia View
I4665 6205 BCE Lepenski Vir, Serbia View
I4666 6222 BCE Lepenski Vir, Serbia View
I0704 6059 BCE Veliko Tarnovo. Dzhulyunitsa, Bulgaria View
I1296 5800 BCE Malak Preslavets, Bulgaria View
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I2181 4606 BCE Smyadovo, Bulgaria View
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I5868 5471 BCE Volniensky. Vilnianka, Ukraine View
I5872 5481 BCE Volniensky. Vilnianka, Ukraine View
I5873 5472 BCE Volniensky. Vilnianka, Ukraine View
I5878 5301 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
I5881 5215 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
I5885 6392 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
I5886 5313 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
I5888 5500 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
I5889 5314 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
I5891 5467 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
I5893 5371 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
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I5207 5100 BCE Asparn Schletz, Austria View
I5408 7022 BCE Iron Gates. Ostrovul Corbului, Romania View
I5409 9300 BCE Padina, Serbia View
I5957 5470 BCE Volniensky. Vilnianka, Ukraine View
I6133 6500 BCE Volniensky. Vilnianka, Ukraine View
I0698 6000 BCE Yabalkovo. Dimitrovgrad. Haskovo, Bulgaria View
I1378 5400 BCE Vovnigi, Ukraine View
I2407 3096 BCE Kierzkowo, Poland View
I1298 6057 BCE Ohoden, Bulgaria View
I3719 4983 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
I5884 2886 BCE Dereivka I, Ukraine View
Bul10 Early Bronze Age Bulgarian Culture 3092 BCE Sabrano (Sliven province, Nova Zagora municipality), Bulgaria View
Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
I2105 Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Ukraine 3300 BCE Shevchenko. OAE-2003, Ukraine View
MJ-06 Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Ukraine 2865 BCE Kumy. Mound 6. burial 8, Ukraine View
I3141 Early Bronze Age Yamnaya Culture, Ukraine 3300 BCE Shevchenko. OAE-2003, Ukraine View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I3141) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Western Steppe Pastoralists 45%
European Hunter-Gatherers 31%
Neolithic Farmers 14%
Ancient Asians 9%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I3141) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 74%
Northwestern European 62%
English 62.4%
Eastern European 12%
Eastern European 11.6%
Asia 24%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 20%
Pakistan 19.5%
Northern West Asian 5%
Caucasian 4.9%
America 2%
America 2%
Native American 1.6%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample I3141 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

I3141,0.11396144,0.05870606,0.04043918,0.04251846,-0.00863186,0.01154854,0.01140326,0.00884708,-0.02022516,-0.02990386,0.00640426,-0.00400114,0.00639682,-0.00673896,-0.00377294,-0.00883332,-0.01036056,-0.00092634,-0.00754474,-0.00940046,-0.00124462,0.00454722,-0.00907394,0.0081753,-0.00291523
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
The genomic history of southeastern Europe
Authors:
Mathieson I, Alpaslan-Roodenberg S, Posth C
Abstract:

Farming was first introduced to Europe in the mid-seventh millennium bc, and was associated with migrants from Anatolia who settled in the southeast before spreading throughout Europe. Here, to understand the dynamics of this process, we analysed genome-wide ancient DNA data from 225 individuals who lived in southeastern Europe and surrounding regions between 12000 and 500 bc. We document a west-east cline of ancestry in indigenous hunter-gatherers and, in eastern Europe, the early stages in the formation of Bronze Age steppe ancestry. We show that the first farmers of northern and western Europe dispersed through southeastern Europe with limited hunter-gatherer admixture, but that some early groups in the southeast mixed extensively with hunter-gatherers without the sex-biased admixture that prevailed later in the north and west. We also show that southeastern Europe continued to be a nexus between east and west after the arrival of farmers, with intermittent genetic contact with steppe populations occurring up to 2,000 years earlier than the migrations from the steppe that ultimately replaced much of the population of northern Europe.

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