A man buried in Italy in the Iron Age era

The Iron Age in Sardinia, particularly during the Punic period, represents a fascinating era of cultural fusion, economic development, and military endeavors. This period, often referred to as Punic 2 Sardinia, corresponds to the Phoenician and Carthaginian influences on the island, which became prominent from the 6th to the 3rd centuries BCE. The Punic impact on Sardinia was profound, resulting in significant changes in sociopolitical structures, trade dynamics, religious practices, and urban development.

Historical Context

Sardinia's strategic location in the Mediterranean made it an attractive point for various ancient civilizations. Initially settled by the Nuragic people, who left behind a remarkable array of megalithic structures, Sardinia later became a focal point for Phoenician trade expansion around the 9th century BCE. By the 6th century BCE, the influence of Carthage, a powerful Phoenician colony located in modern-day Tunisia, began to assert dominance over Sardinian territories. This period is often defined by the increased presence and control of Carthage over the island.

Political and Military Influence

During the Punic era, particularly Iron Age Punic 2, Carthage extended its influence through a mix of diplomacy and military might, establishing control over key settlements like Cagliari and Tharros. The Carthaginians integrated Sardinia into their extensive trading network, using the island as both a military base and a hub for maritime commerce. This period saw the introduction of Punic administrative practices, including governance models that capitalized on local Sardinian structures while ensuring loyalty to Carthage.

Sardinia also became embroiled in the larger geopolitical struggles of the Mediterranean, notably during the Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome. The Second Punic War (218–201 BCE) was a pivotal period during which Roman forces contested Carthaginian control, eventually leading to Roman domination of the island.

Economic Development

Economically, Iron Age Punic 2 Sardinia thrived under Carthaginian rule. The Carthaginians were adept traders and facilitated the export of Sardinian resources such as grain, olives, wine, and minerals, especially lead and silver, to various parts of the Mediterranean. The Punic influence stimulated local production, including pottery and metallurgy, encouraged by the introduction of advanced Phoenician techniques.

Trade under Carthaginian stewardship extended beyond material goods to encompass cultural exchanges, leading to a cosmopolitan milieu in Sardinian cities. Markets and ports thrived, becoming melting pots of ideas, goods, and peoples from Africa, Iberia, and other Phoenician settlements.

Cultural and Religious Life

Culturally, the Iron Age Punic influence saw the integration of Phoenician language and writing with the local dialects and scripts. Bilingual inscriptions in Punic and the native Nuragic languages attest to this cultural amalgamation. Architecture during this period featured hybrid styles, combining Phoenician and local elements, with urban layouts reflecting both military and trade priorities.

Religiously, the Punic presence introduced new deities into Sardinian worship, including the goddess Tanit and the god Baal Hammon, which gradually mingled with indigenous spiritual practices. Temples and sanctuaries in Sardinian cities became centers for religious and social activities, illustrating the syncretic nature of worship during this period.

Archaeological Evidence

Archaeological excavations in regions like Tharros, Nora, and Sulcis have uncovered substantial evidence of Punic influence. Remnants of urban planning, fortifications, necropolises, and artifacts such as pottery, inscriptions, and tools reflect a vibrant Punic culture thriving in Sardinia. These sites provide invaluable insights into the daily lives, trade practices, and cultural interactions of the time.

Conclusion

The Iron Age Punic 2 period in Sardinia was marked by significant Phoenician and Carthaginian influence, resulting in a dynamic era that shaped the island's history. Through trade, warfare, and cultural exchanges, Sardinia became an integral part of the Punic world, serving as a testament to the enduring impact of Carthaginian civilization in the western Mediterranean. Despite the eventual Roman conquest, the legacies of this period persisted, leaving a lasting imprint on Sardinia's cultural and historical landscape.

• Same Publication
• Same Culture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ORC002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (ORC002) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

The G25 coordinates for the sample ORC002 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia