A man buried in Italy in the Bronze Age era
The Nuragic culture flourished on the island of Sardinia from approximately 1800 BCE to 238 BCE, spanning the Bronze Age and reaching into the early Iron Age. Its name derives from the most iconic and distinctive monuments associated with this culture: the uraghi," which are tower-like structures built with large stones. The Nuragic civilization is notable for its architectural achievements, social organization, metallurgy, and interactions with other Mediterranean cultures.
Origins and Development
The Nuragic culture developed gradually from previous pre-Nuragic societies on Sardinia, with influences possibly stemming from broader Mediterranean interactions. By the Middle Bronze Age, around 1600 BCE, the cultural landscape began to consolidate into what is recognized as the Nuragic civilization. This period marked the start of widespread construction of the nuraghi and the establishment of a distinctive cultural and architectural identity.
Architecture: The Nuraghi
The most remarkable feature of the Nuragic culture is its monumental stone architecture. The nuraghi, which number over 7,000 across Sardinia, are megalithic edifices constructed using large, unworked stones stacked without mortar. These towers usually feature a circular base and can vary in complexity from simple single towers to elaborate structures with multiple towers connected by walls and corridors. The purposes of nuraghi are debated, with theories suggesting they served as fortresses, religious temples, rulers' residences, or community centers.
Settlements and Society
Nuragic settlements were generally organized around a central nuraghe, often with surrounding villages composed of stone huts. The society likely had a hierarchical organization, possibly with chieftains or tribal leaders exerting control over territories. Evidence suggests a complex social structure with a strong communal aspect, seen in the construction and maintenance of large projects such as nuraghi and water wells.
Metallurgy and Craftsmanship
The Nuragic people were skilled metallurgists, proficient in working bronze, and later iron. They produced a variety of weapons, tools, and ornamental objects, with bronze statuettes being particularly notable. These statuettes, often depicting warriors, religious figures, and animals, provide insight into the attire, weaponry, and social practices of the time. The Nuragic culture's metallurgical expertise facilitated trade and interaction with other Mediterranean civilizations, including the Mycenaeans, Etruscans, and Phoenicians.
Religion and Rituals
Religious practices in the Nuragic culture are inferred from archaeological findings, including sacred wells, rock carvings, and statuettes. Water held a significant ritualistic role, evidenced by the construction of sacred wells and votive offerings found in water-related sites. Additionally, the presence of certain figurines and structures suggests the worship of deities, possibly linked to fertility, protection, and the agricultural cycle.
Trade and Contact
Sardinia's strategic location in the Mediterranean facilitated trade and contact with a variety of ancient civilizations. The Nuragic people engaged in maritime trade, exchanging goods like metals, textiles, and ceramic ware. They interacted with the Mycenaean Greeks, Phoenicians, and later, the Etruscans and Carthaginians. These interactions are evidenced by the presence of foreign artifacts in Nuragic contexts and Nuragic goods found throughout the Mediterranean.
Decline and Legacy
The Nuragic culture began to decline with the increasing influence of the Phoenicians and later the Carthaginians and Romans. By the time Sardinia became a Roman province in 238 BCE, the Nuragic way of life had largely dissipated, although some elements persisted in rural areas. The legacy of the Nuragic civilization is enduringly captured in its monumental nuraghi, which remain as cultural and historical symbols of Sardinia.
In conclusion, the Nuragic civilization represents a unique and significant period in Sardinia's history, embodying the island's early adaptability, resilience, and contributions to Mediterranean culture. Its architectural and artistic accomplishments continue to intrigue scholars and visitors alike, offering a window into the life and accomplishments of an enigmatic ancient people."
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (JK2840) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (JK2840) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample JK2840 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
JK2840,0.11725968,0.1605963,0.02853916,-0.0355772,0.05717878,-0.01825398,-0.00240244,0.00608392,0.038477,0.06615246,-0.00480736,0.01444,-0.02529216,-0.0132884,-0.00685822,0.00397378,0.00786506,-0.00102256,-0.00145124,-0.00331314,0.00073224,0.0043176,-0.01161284,-0.01832514,0.00432745
Genetic history from the Middle Neolithic to present on the Mediterranean island of Sardinia
The island of Sardinia has been of particular interest to geneticists for decades. The current model for Sardinia's genetic history describes the island as harboring a founder population that was established largely from the Neolithic peoples of southern Europe and remained isolated from later Bronze Age expansions on the mainland. To evaluate this model, we generate genome-wide ancient DNA data for 70 individuals from 21 Sardinian archaeological sites spanning the Middle Neolithic through the Medieval period. The earliest individuals show a strong affinity to western Mediterranean Neolithic populations, followed by an extended period of genetic continuity on the island through the Nuragic period (second millennium BCE). Beginning with individuals from Phoenician/Punic sites (first millennium BCE), we observe spatially-varying signals of admixture with sources principally from the eastern and northern Mediterranean. Overall, our analysis sheds light on the genetic history of Sardinia, revealing how relationships to mainland populations shifted over time.