A woman buried in Russia in the Neolithic era
Neolithic Era at Devil's Cave, Russian Far East
Devil’s Cave (in Russian: Пещера Чёрта) is a significant archaeological site located in the Primorye region of the Russian Far East, near the Sikhote-Alin Mountains. This cave has provided valuable evidence of Neolithic human occupation, dating roughly to between 6000 and 4000 BCE. The cave serves as a window into the prehistoric past, offering important clues about the cultural, technological, and subsistence practices of the region's early inhabitants.
Environmental and Geographical Context
The Russian Far East during the Neolithic period was characterized by a diverse natural environment, including dense forests, rivers, and coastal zones. This rich landscape provided ample resources for human communities, ranging from game animals and fish to wild plants. Devil’s Cave itself is a karst cave system, offering natural shelter and strategic positioning for access to both inland forest resources and nearby coastal zones.
Cultural and Technological Development
The Neolithic period across the Russian Far East, including at Devil’s Cave, marks a profound shift in human history. This era saw the emergence of pottery-making, semi-permanent settlements, and advanced stone tool industries. Archaeological excavations at Devil’s Cave have unearthed:
- Ceramic vessels with simple decorations, indicating early pottery traditions.
- Flaked stone tools, including arrowheads, scrapers, and blades, demonstrating advanced lithic technology.
- Bone tools, suggesting the development of specialized hunting and fishing equipment.
- Charred plant remains, indicating the possible use of wild or cultivated plants in subsistence strategies.
- Animal bones, providing evidence of hunting and dietary practices.
Subsistence and Economy
The inhabitants of Devil’s Cave practiced a mixed subsistence economy. While they continued to rely on hunting and fishing, they also showed early signs of plant domestication and possibly horticulture. The proximity to river systems and the sea likely allowed for seasonal exploitation of marine resources, including shellfish and fish, while inland forests provided deer, wild boar, and small mammals.
Cultural Connections and Exchange
Devil’s Cave is particularly important because it lies at the cultural crossroads between Siberia, Northeast China, Korea, and Japan. Archaeological evidence from the cave reflects influences from Amur Basin cultures, as well as potential connections to early Jomon culture in Japan and Neolithic groups in Manchuria. This suggests that the Russian Far East during the Neolithic was not isolated but rather part of a broader network of cultural exchange across Northeast Asia.
Social Organization and Ritual Life
While evidence of social structures at Devil’s Cave is limited, the presence of communal hearths and shared activity areas suggests cooperative living arrangements, possibly in extended family groups or clans. Some artifacts, such as ornaments made from bone or shell, may reflect ritual or symbolic practices, indicating a growing complexity in spiritual and cultural life during this period.
Significance
Devil’s Cave stands out as one of the oldest and most important Neolithic sites in the Russian Far East, shedding light on the early processes of cultural evolution, technological innovation, and human adaptation to challenging environments. Its archaeological record highlights the resilience and creativity of early societies in this remote region, while also emphasizing the region’s role as a cultural bridge between mainland Asia and the Pacific Rim.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (NEO238) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (NEO238) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample NEO238 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
NEO238,0.03207276,-0.44109606,0.07062442,-0.0408107,-0.04707768,-0.0325138,0.01048824,0.01332544,0.00548608,0.0126413,-0.0221264,-0.00209932,0.0045836,0.00047234,-0.01249992,-0.0066377,-0.00496184,0.00484272,0.01479558,0.00943732,0.0170376,-0.01752252,-0.002261,0.00373788,0.00820551
The population history of northeastern Siberia since the Pleistocene
Northeastern Siberia has been inhabited by humans for more than 40,000 years but its deep population history remains poorly understood. Here we investigate the late Pleistocene population history of northeastern Siberia through analyses of 34 newly recovered ancient genomes that date to between 31,000 and 600 years ago. We document complex population dynamics during this period, including at least three major migration events: an initial peopling by a previously unknown Palaeolithic population of 'Ancient North Siberians' who are distantly related to early West Eurasian hunter-gatherers; the arrival of East Asian-related peoples, which gave rise to 'Ancient Palaeo-Siberians' who are closely related to contemporary communities from far-northeastern Siberia (such as the Koryaks), as well as Native Americans; and a Holocene migration of other East Asian-related peoples, who we name 'Neo-Siberians', and from whom many contemporary Siberians are descended. Each of these population expansions largely replaced the earlier inhabitants, and ultimately generated the mosaic genetic make-up of contemporary peoples who inhabit a vast area across northern Eurasia and the Americas.