A man buried in China in the Late Paleolithic era
The Late Paleolithic period in China, particularly near the Amur River, is a fascinating era that marks the later stages of the Paleolithic period, often characterized by the development and maturation of human cultural traits and technological innovations.
Ecological and Geographical Setting
The Amur River, forming part of the border between northeastern China and southeastern Russia, is a major waterway that has historically supported human settlement due to its rich ecological resources. The region's climate during the Late Paleolithic (approximately 40,000 to 10,000 years ago) was influenced by the Pleistocene Ice Age, with environmental conditions ranging from glacial to temperate phases. This led to diverse ecosystems that offered abundant resources for human populations.
Archaeological Sites and Discoveries
Several significant archaeological sites in and around the Amur River have provided evidence of Late Paleolithic human activity. These sites exhibit a range of stone tools, including sophisticated blades, microliths, and composite tools, reflecting advanced technological skills. Moreover, evidence of habitation structures, hearths, and food remains like animal bones and plant residues have been discovered, offering insights into the daily lives and subsistence strategies of these communities.
Technological and Cultural Developments
The Late Paleolithic in this region is notable for the innovation and diversification of lithic industries. Stone tool technology transitioned from simple core and flake tools to more refined blade and microblade techniques. These advances facilitated a broader range of activities, including hunting, processing plant materials, and other domestic tasks.
Culturally, this era saw the development of symbolic behavior, as evidenced by personal ornaments, artifacts with potential artistic value, and the use of pigments. This indicates the emergence of complex cognitive abilities and social structures.
Subsistence and Economy
The inhabitants of the Amur River region during the Late Paleolithic were primarily hunter-gatherers. The ecological diversity allowed them to exploit a wide range of food sources. Large game such as deer and smaller mammals were hunted, complemented by fishing and gathering of plant resources. This diverse diet was supported by the development of tools optimized for specific tasks, indicating a sophisticated understanding of their environment.
Social Organization and Structure
While direct evidence of social organization is limited, the complexity of the tools and artifacts implies a degree of social structure. Bands of hunter-gatherers likely lived in small to medium-sized groups, with social roles possibly influenced by age, gender, and skills. The presence of non-utilitarian objects and ceremonial artifacts suggests the existence of spiritual beliefs and practices.
Conclusion
The Late Paleolithic period along the Amur River in China represents a crucial phase in the development of human societies. The technological advancements, coupled with evidence of symbolic thought and complex social behavior, highlight the region's role in the broader narrative of human prehistory. Continued research and archaeological exploration in this area are vital to further our understanding of these early communities and their contributions to human civilization.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (NE5) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (NE5) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample NE5 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
NE5,0.02901302,-0.438179,0.0650971,-0.04135992,-0.04073598,-0.02844562,0.00670786,0.00874168,0.00481726,0.01127998,-0.025807,-0.00302726,0.00562888,-0.00019864,-0.01248436,-0.00498686,-0.00419556,0.00363362,0.01404294,0.00904548,0.01640684,-0.01601688,-0.00238086,0.00384558,0.00746261
The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene
Northern East Asia was inhabited by modern humans as early as 40 thousand years ago (ka), as demonstrated by the Tianyuan individual. Using genome-wide data obtained from 25 individuals dated to 33.6-3.4 ka from the Amur region, we show that Tianyuan-related ancestry was widespread in northern East Asia before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At the close of the LGM stadial, the earliest northern East Asian appeared in the Amur region, and this population is basal to ancient northern East Asians. Human populations in the Amur region have maintained genetic continuity from 14 ka, and these early inhabitants represent the closest East Asian source known for Ancient Paleo-Siberians. We also observed that EDAR V370A was likely to have been elevated to high frequency after the LGM, suggesting the possible timing for its selection. This study provides a deep look into the population dynamics of northern East Asia.