A man buried in China in the Neolithic era
The Neolithic period in China, which spans from approximately 7000 BCE to 1700 BCE, is a critical era in the saga of Ancient Chinese civilization. This period is characterized by the initial settlement of various ethnic groups across the Chinese landscape, the development of agriculture, the emergence of complex societies, and the advent of crucial technological advancements.
Geographical Context
Neolithic China was a collection of diverse cultures spread across different geographical regions. The varying climate and topography of these regions led to the growth of distinct cultures with unique practices and technologies. The Yellow River (Huang He) and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) basins were particularly crucial for the development of these early societies, often acting as cradles of Chinese civilization, although Neolithic cultures existed in other areas as well.
Major Cultures and Sites
Peiligang Culture (7000–5000 BCE): Situated in the Henan province, Peiligang culture is one of the earliest Neolithic cultures in China, known for its well-planned settlements and early evidence of farming. The culture is notable for its production of pottery, stone tools, and the cultivation of millet.
Yangshao Culture (5000–3000 BCE): Flourishing in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangshao culture is recognized for its painted pottery and semi-subterranean houses. This culture practiced a mixed economy of agriculture, primarily millet, supplemented by fishing and hunting.
Dawenkou Culture (4100–2600 BCE): Located in the Shandong area, Dawenkou culture is known for its advanced pottery techniques and evidence of social stratification, as seen in the differentiation of grave goods.
Longshan Culture (3000–1700 BCE): Also originating in the Yellow River Valley, the Longshan culture is marked by its black pottery, walled settlements, and evidence of early urbanization. The Longshan people also began using early forms of calorimetry and standardized weight and measures.
Hemudu Culture (5000–3000 BCE): Located in the lower Yangtze region, this culture is noted for its rice cultivation, wooden structures, and carved jade artifacts. Hemudu provides critical evidence of early wet-rice agriculture, which significantly influenced the socio-economic development of the region.
Technological and Societal Developments
Agricultural Advancements: The Neolithic period in China saw the domestication of crops like millet in the north and rice in the south. These developments led to population growth and the establishment of permanent settlements.
Pottery and Craftsmanship: Pottery was a significant cultural expression during this time, with each culture developing unique styles and techniques. Pottery was used for daily life and ritual purposes, and its evolution represents advancements in both technology and societal complexity.
Settlement Patterns: Neolithic Chinese societies saw the emergence of tribal communities that gradually developed into more complex hierarchical societies with signs of social stratification.
Tools and Technology: The era experienced significant advancements in tools, moving from simple stone implements to more sophisticated and specialized tools made from polished stone, bone, and eventually, early metallurgy.
Religion and Burial Practices: Rituals and religious beliefs can be inferred from burial practices, which often involved elaborate tombs and grave goods, indicating beliefs in an afterlife and the presence of social elites.
Cultural Interactions
The diversity of Neolithic cultures in China led to interactions and exchanges of ideas, technologies, and practices. These interactions contributed to the gradual formation of a more unified Chinese civilization characterized by shared cultural elements, although significant regional diversity persisted.
Legacy
The Neolithic period laid the foundation for the rise of more advanced societies in China, such as the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The technological innovations, agricultural practices, and social organization of this era directly influenced the structure of ancient Chinese civilization, its philosophy, and governance.
Conclusion
The Neolithic period in China was a transformative era that saw the development of agriculture, the construction of permanent settlements, and the rise of complex societies with distinct cultures and practices. It set the stage for the subsequent dynastic periods, contributing significantly to the historical and cultural fabric of ancient China.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (NE2) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (NE2) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample NE2 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
NE2,0.0306021,-0.44015536,0.06613436,-0.04131216,-0.04206896,-0.03092088,0.00989302,0.01265252,0.00476488,0.01205716,-0.02535122,-0.0028506,0.00524152,-7.006E-05,-0.01252118,-0.0055463,-0.00432786,0.0038129,0.0141674,0.00926034,0.0164093,-0.01648892,-0.0024635,0.00394834,0.00778761
The deep population history of northern East Asia from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene
Northern East Asia was inhabited by modern humans as early as 40 thousand years ago (ka), as demonstrated by the Tianyuan individual. Using genome-wide data obtained from 25 individuals dated to 33.6-3.4 ka from the Amur region, we show that Tianyuan-related ancestry was widespread in northern East Asia before the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). At the close of the LGM stadial, the earliest northern East Asian appeared in the Amur region, and this population is basal to ancient northern East Asians. Human populations in the Amur region have maintained genetic continuity from 14 ka, and these early inhabitants represent the closest East Asian source known for Ancient Paleo-Siberians. We also observed that EDAR V370A was likely to have been elevated to high frequency after the LGM, suggesting the possible timing for its selection. This study provides a deep look into the population dynamics of northern East Asia.