A man buried in Morocco in the Contemporary era

Modern Morocco of the contemporary era is a fascinating tapestry of traditional influences and modern advancements. This period in Morocco is characterized by a dynamic interplay between historical roots and contemporary developments, reflecting a unique synthesis of culture, technology, and socio-economic change.
Cultural Landscape
Morocco, a country located in North Africa, is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, which is deeply influenced by its Berber, Arab, and French colonial legacy. Modern Moroccan culture is a melting pot of these diverse influences. In contemporary times, the country has seen a revival and preservation of its traditional arts, crafts, and architecture, which are vibrantly showcased in its medinas (old cities) and marketplaces.
The Moroccan cultural scene today is marked by a flourishing of arts and literature. Many Moroccan artists and writers are gaining recognition both locally and internationally. Festivals celebrating film, music, and literature are held annually, attracting global participants and highlighting Morocco's position as a cultural hub. Marrakech, in particular, is known for its international film festival, which draws filmmakers from around the world.
Social Transformation
Socially, modern Morocco is evolving rapidly. This era is marked by significant strides in women's rights and gender equality. The country has made legal reforms to improve the status of women, yet challenges remain in achieving full parity. Education and literacy rates are on the rise, with more young Moroccans, especially women, accessing higher education and professional opportunities.
The youth demographic is predominantly tech-savvy and globally connected, leading to an increased influence of global trends in fashion, entertainment, and lifestyle. This has resulted in a vibrant youth culture that embraces both traditional and contemporary modes of expression.
Economic Developments
Economically, Morocco is one of the more stable countries in the region, with a diversified economy that includes agriculture, mining, and a blossoming tourism industry. In recent years, the country has also made substantial investments in renewable energy, aiming to become a leading power producer in Africa. The Noor Ouarzazate Solar Complex, one of the largest solar power plants in the world, exemplifies this commitment to sustainable development.
Tourism continues to be a crucial sector, with the country's diverse landscapes—from the Sahara Desert to the Atlas Mountains—drawing millions of visitors annually. The hospitality industry has modernized significantly, offering high-end travel experiences while maintaining the allure of Morocco’s traditional charm.
Political Dynamics
Politically, contemporary Morocco is a constitutional monarchy with King Mohammed VI playing a pivotal role in the country’s governance. His reign has been marked by efforts to maintain stability and enact economic reforms, alongside an agenda of gradual political liberalization. The government has undertaken numerous initiatives to increase decentralization and empower regional authorities, although some critics argue that more political freedoms are necessary.
The Moroccan government is also proactive in its foreign policy, strengthening ties within Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. Morocco’s strategic geographic location makes it a critical bridge between continents, and it has leveraged this position to play a significant role in regional diplomacy and international trade.
Technological and Infrastructure Advances
In terms of infrastructure, Morocco has been investing heavily in modernizing its transport and urban development. The country boasts a high-speed train line, Al-Boraq, connecting major cities like Casablanca and Tangier, showcasing its commitment to advancing public transport infrastructure. Urban areas are experiencing rapid modernization, with smart city initiatives being planned to improve the quality of life in urban centers.
Technology adoption is widespread in modern Morocco, with a high penetration of mobile phones and internet access fostering a growing digital economy. E-commerce and tech start-ups are emerging, driven by a young and entrepreneurial population eager to embrace the digital age.
Conclusion
In summary, modern Morocco of the contemporary era is a country at the crossroads of tradition and modernity. It balances a rich historical and cultural inheritance with a progressive outlook towards social and economic development. As it continues to innovate and transform, Morocco provides a compelling example of how countries can navigate the complexities of modern globalized society while retaining a strong sense of identity and heritage.
Sample ID | Culture/Period | Date | Location | Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
I1661 | Chalcolithic Iran | 4700 BCE | Seh Gabi, Iran | View |
I1634 | Chalcolithic Armenia | 4330 BCE | Areni 1, Armenia | View |
I1632 | Chalcolithic Armenia | 4236 BCE | Areni 1, Armenia | View |
I1631 | Chalcolithic Armenia | 4311 BCE | Areni 1, Armenia | View |
I1635 | Early Bronze Age Armenia | 2623 BCE | Kalavan, Armenia | View |
I1633 | Early Bronze Age Armenia | 2621 BCE | Kalavan, Armenia | View |
I1658 | Early Bronze Age Armenia | 3350 BCE | Talin, Armenia | View |
I1656 | Middle Bronze Age Armenia | 1502 BCE | Katnaghbiur 1, Armenia | View |
I1409 | Chalcolithic Armenia | 4230 BCE | Areni 1, Armenia | View |
I1407 | Chalcolithic Armenia | 4350 BCE | Areni 1, Armenia | View |
I1290 | Neolithic Ganj Dareh | 8170 BCE | Ganj Dareh, Iran | View |
I1705 | Early Bronze Age Jordan | 2198 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1706 | Early Bronze Age Jordan | 2490 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1727 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 8300 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1710 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 7741 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1707 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 7732 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1704 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 7451 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1730 | Early Bronze Age Jordan | 2557 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1699 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic C Jordan | 6800 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1670 | Chalcolithic Iran | 4840 BCE | Seh Gabi, Iran | View |
I1662 | Chalcolithic Iran | 4836 BCE | Seh Gabi, Iran | View |
I1674 | Chalcolithic Iran | 3978 BCE | Seh Gabi, Iran | View |
I1665 | Chalcolithic Iran | 3957 BCE | Seh Gabi, Iran | View |
I1671 | Late Neolithic Iran | 5840 BCE | Seh Gabi, Iran | View |
I0867 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Israel | 7300 BCE | Motza, Israel | View |
I0861 | Natufian Culture in Israel | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View |
I1955 | Historical Iran | 1480 CE | Ganj Dareh, Iran | View |
I1584 | Chalcolithic Turkey | 3946 BCE | Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey | View |
Lebanese1AQ127 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese1AQ170 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese2AQ121 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese2AQ127 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese4AQ115 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese6AQ115 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese6AQ170 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese6AS15 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese7AQ150 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese7AR20 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese7AR23 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese8AS15 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese10AQ127 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese10AR37 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese11AS14 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese15AR37 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese20AR21 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese22BA23 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese24AR27 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
Lebanese30AR21 | Modern Lebanon | 2000 CE | Beirut, Lebanon | View |
French23812 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Finistere, France | View |
French23814 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Nord, France | View |
French23821 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Pas-de-Calais, France | View |
French23830 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Ille-et-Vilaine, France | View |
French23833 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Finistere, France | View |
French23862 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Pas-de-Calais, France | View |
French23915 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Seine-Maritime, France | View |
French23919 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Yonne, France | View |
French23952 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Nord, France | View |
French23989 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Cote d'Armor, France | View |
French24061 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Loire-Atlantique, France | View |
French24075 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Moselle, France | View |
French24076 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Moselle, France | View |
French24090 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Cote d'Armor, France | View |
French24118 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Cote d'Or, France | View |
French24120 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Finistere, France | View |
French24124 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Moselle, France | View |
French24144 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Nord, France | View |
French24148 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Moselle, France | View |
French24178 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Moselle, France | View |
French24247 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Cote d'Armor, France | View |
French24381 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Finistere, France | View |
French24400 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Finistere, France | View |
French24408 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Seine-Maritime, France | View |
French24433 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Moselle, France | View |
French24434 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Moselle, France | View |
French24437 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Moselle, France | View |
French24690 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Pas-de-Calais, France | View |
French24817 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Aisne, France | View |
French25068 | Modern France | 2000 CE | Pas-de-Calais, France | View |
PV001 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Bandar Abbas / Hormozgan, Iran | View |
PV002 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Bandar Abbas / Hormozgan, Iran | View |
PV003 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Bandar Abbas / Hormozgan, Iran | View |
PV004 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Bandar Abbas / Hormozgan, Iran | View |
PV005 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Bandar Abbas / Hormozgan, Iran | View |
PV006 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Bandar Abbas / Hormozgan, Iran | View |
PV007 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Bandar Abbas / Hormozgan, Iran | View |
PV008 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Bandar Abbas / Hormozgan, Iran | View |
PV019 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV020 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV021 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV022 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV023 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV024 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV025 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV026 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV027 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
PV028 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Babol / Mazandaran / Mazandarani, Iran | View |
ITS2 | Modern Italy | 2000 CE | Naples, Italy | View |
ITS4 | Modern Italy | 2000 CE | Naples, Italy | View |
ITS5 | Modern Italy | 2000 CE | Salerno, Italy | View |
ITS7 | Modern Italy | 2000 CE | Crispiano, Italy | View |
LIB7 | Modern Libya | 2000 CE | Tripoli, Libya | View |
LIB13 | Modern Libya | 2000 CE | Tripoli, Libya | View |
LIB18 | Modern Libya | 2000 CE | Tripoli, Libya | View |
LIB27 | Modern Libya | 2000 CE | Tripoli, Libya | View |
LIB30 | Modern Libya | 2000 CE | Tripoli, Libya | View |
PV009 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV010 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV011 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV012 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV013 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV014 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV015 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV016 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV017 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
PV018 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Khoramabad / Lorestan / Lori, Iran | View |
MCA7 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA8 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA9 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA14 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA16 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA19 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA24 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA37 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA38 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA39 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
PV029 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV030 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV031 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV032 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV033 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV034 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV035 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV036 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV037 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
PV038 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Shiraz / Fars / Persian, Iran | View |
A306 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Apuseni mountains. Horea village, Romania | View |
A325 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Apuseni mountains. Horea village, Romania | View |
A343 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Apuseni mountains. Horea village, Romania | View |
A362 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Apuseni mountains. Horea village, Romania | View |
A374 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Apuseni mountains. Horea village, Romania | View |
Assyrian151 | Modern Turkey | 2000 CE | Jilu. Hakkâri, Turkey | View |
Assyrian152 | Modern Turkey | 2000 CE | Çukurca. Hakkâri, Turkey | View |
Assyrian153 | Modern Turkey | 2000 CE | Gawar. Hakkâri, Turkey | View |
Assyrian155 | Modern Iraq | 2000 CE | Mosul, Iraq | View |
Assyrian159 | Modern Iraq | 2000 CE | Bibad. Amadiya, Iraq | View |
Assyrian160 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Gug Tappeh. Urmia, Iran | View |
Assyrian161 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Adeh. Urmia, Iran | View |
Assyrian162 | Modern Iraq | 2000 CE | Shaqlawa. Erbil, Iraq | View |
Assyrian163 | Modern Turkey | 2000 CE | Gawar. Hakkâri, Turkey | View |
Assyrian164 | Modern Iran | 2000 CE | Urmia, Iran | View |
Assyrian165 | Modern Turkey | 2000 CE | Jilu. Hakkâri, Turkey | View |
G408 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Gorj county. Tismana village, Romania | View |
G421 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Gorj county. Tismana village, Romania | View |
G428 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Gorj county. Tismana village, Romania | View |
G429 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Gorj county. Tismana village, Romania | View |
G434 | Modern Romania | 2000 CE | Gorj county. Tismana village, Romania | View |
I1072 | Natufian Culture in Israel | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View |
I1685 | Natufian Culture in Israel | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View |
I1690 | Natufian Culture in Israel | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View |
I1069 | Natufian Culture in Israel | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View |
I1687 | Natufian Culture in Israel | 11541 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View |
I1414 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 8300 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1700 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 8300 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1415 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 8176 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1701 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 7752 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1709 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 8300 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1679 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic C Jordan | 6900 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View |
I1072 | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View | |
I1679 | 6900 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View | |
I1709 | 8300 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View | |
I1072 | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View | |
I1701 | 7752 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View | |
I1069 | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View | |
I1414 | 8300 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View | |
I1415 | 8176 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View | |
I1685 | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View | |
I1700 | 8300 BCE | 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan | View | |
I1687 | 11541 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View | |
I1690 | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View | |
I1584 | 3946 BCE | Northwest Anatolia. Marmara. Barcın, Turkey | View | |
I1072 | 12000 BCE | Raqefet Cave, Israel | View | |
I1416 | Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan | 8300 BCE | Ain Ghazal (Amman, Sahab), Jordan | View |
Sample ID | Culture/Period | Date | Location | Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
BBR030 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Ifrane, Morocco | View |
BBR031 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Ifrane, Morocco | View |
BBR032 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Ifrane, Morocco | View |
BBR033 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Ifrane, Morocco | View |
MoroccanJew5134 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | migrants collected in Israel, Morocco | View |
SAH27 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Western Sahara. Close to the Algerian border, Morocco | View |
MoroccanJew5126 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | migrants collected in Israel, Morocco | View |
SAH21 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Western Sahara. Close to the Algerian border, Morocco | View |
MoroccanJew4634 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | migrants collected in Israel, Morocco | View |
SAH24 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Western Sahara. Close to the Algerian border, Morocco | View |
SAH34 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Western Sahara. Close to the Algerian border, Morocco | View |
MoroccanJew4789 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | migrants collected in Israel, Morocco | View |
MoroccanJew5168 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | migrants collected in Israel, Morocco | View |
SAH18 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Western Sahara. Close to the Algerian border, Morocco | View |
SAH9 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Western Sahara. Close to the Algerian border, Morocco | View |
SAH20 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Western Sahara. Close to the Algerian border, Morocco | View |
MoroccanJew4692 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | migrants collected in Israel, Morocco | View |
MoroccanJew4683 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | migrants collected in Israel, Morocco | View |
MBE3 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Beni Mellal, Morocco | View |
MBE11 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Beni Mellal, Morocco | View |
MBE13 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Beni Mellal, Morocco | View |
MBE16 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Beni Mellal, Morocco | View |
MBE19 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Beni Mellal, Morocco | View |
MBE22 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Beni Mellal, Morocco | View |
MBE23 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Beni Mellal, Morocco | View |
MCA7 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA8 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA9 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA14 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA16 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA19 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA24 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA37 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA38 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
MCA39 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Casablanca, Morocco | View |
BBR034 | Modern Morocco | 2000 CE | Ifrane, Morocco | View |
Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East
We report genome-wide ancient DNA from 44 ancient Near Easterners ranging in time between ~12,000 and 1,400 bc, from Natufian hunter-gatherers to Bronze Age farmers. We show that the earliest populations of the Near East derived around half their ancestry from a 'Basal Eurasian' lineage that had little if any Neanderthal admixture and that separated from other non-African lineages before their separation from each other. The first farmers of the southern Levant (Israel and Jordan) and Zagros Mountains (Iran) were strongly genetically differentiated, and each descended from local hunter-gatherers. By the time of the Bronze Age, these two populations and Anatolian-related farmers had mixed with each other and with the hunter-gatherers of Europe to greatly reduce genetic differentiation. The impact of the Near Eastern farmers extended beyond the Near East: farmers related to those of Anatolia spread westward into Europe; farmers related to those of the Levant spread southward into East Africa; farmers related to those of Iran spread northward into the Eurasian steppe; and people related to both the early farmers of Iran and to the pastoralists of the Eurasian steppe spread eastward into South Asia.