A man buried in Romania in the Mesolithic era
The Mesolithic era, often seen as a transitional period between the Paleolithic and Neolithic ages, held significant importance in the region known as the Iron Gates along the Danube River, straddling the modern borders of Romania and Serbia. This area is notable for its rich archaeological history and the transition of human societies during the Mesolithic period, particularly for the European hunter-gatherer cultures that thrived there.
Geography and Environment
The Iron Gates refers to the series of gorges on the Danube River that create a natural border between the Carpathian and Balkan mountains. This environment is characterized by its dramatic landscapes, including rocky cliffs, narrow river passages, and fertile floodplains. During the Mesolithic period, the climate was gradually warming after the last Ice Age, leading to changes in flora and fauna, which supported diverse ecosystems ideal for Mesolithic communities.
Settlements and Living Conditions
Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in the Iron Gates region developed semi-permanent settlements along the riverbanks, taking advantage of the rich aquatic resources. Excavations at sites like Lepenski Vir on the Serbian bank and Schela Cladovei in Romania reveal evidence of substantial constructions. In particular, Lepenski Vir is noted for its trapezoidal buildings, which were constructed using stone, clay, and timber, reflecting an advanced form of architectural planning for the period.
Subsistence Strategies
The Mesolithic population of the Iron Gates primarily subsisted on a mixed diet of terrestrial and aquatic resources. The Danube River provided abundant fish, particularly sturgeon, which were a staple of the diet. Fish remains found at these sites suggest sophisticated fishing techniques, including the use of nets, traps, and fishing weirs. Additionally, hunting supplemented their diet with species such as wild boar, deer, and birds. Gathering played a crucial role as well, with evidence of foraged plant foods, nuts, and fruits.
Tools and Technology
The communities of the Iron Gates displayed a highly developed tool assemblage reflective of the region's available materials and the needs of its inhabitants. Microlithic tools, often made from local flint and chert, were common. These small stone tools were likely used in composite tools or as part of fishing and hunting implements. Bone and antler were also important materials, used to craft tools like harpoons, fish hooks, and needles.
Social and Cultural Aspects
Socially, the Mesolithic groups in the Iron Gates likely had complex kinship and social structures, evidenced by burial practices and the organization of settlements. Notably, burials at sites like Lepenski Vir show a diversity of practices, including grave goods that suggest differing statuses or roles within the community. Artistic expressions, such as stone sculptures and carvings discovered at Lepenski Vir, point to a rich symbolic and ritual life, possibly related to their beliefs about the river and its resources.
Transition to the Neolithic
The Iron Gates region is particularly significant for understanding the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Europe. There is evidence of gradual cultural exchange and interaction between indigenous hunter-gatherers and incoming Neolithic farming communities. This interaction influenced the adoption of agriculture and the eventual shift toward sedentary farming lifestyles.
In summary, the Mesolithic era at the Iron Gates in Romania was a period of adaptation and innovation for European hunter-gatherers. The region's rich natural resources, coupled with the cultural and technological advancements of its inhabitants, laid a foundation for significant transformations in prehistoric European societies. Through ongoing archaeological research, the Mesolithic Iron Gates continue to provide insights into the complex interplay between environment, subsistence strategies, and cultural evolution during this pivotal era.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (M96) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (M96) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample M96 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
M96,0.13232064,0.12052218,0.0863094,0.0751117,0.04102016,0.03278786,0.00815076,0.01605802,-0.00061698,-0.0293179,-0.00041628,-0.0059829,0.01272952,0.0137112,0.00131172,0.00143758,0.00067932,-0.00234656,0.0047138,0.0012493,0.0032457,-0.00425708,-0.00313318,0.00801774,0.00130222
Paleogenomic Evidence for Multi-generational Mixing between Neolithic Farmers and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherers in the Lower Danube Basin
The transition from hunting and gathering to farming involved profound cultural and technological changes. In Western and Central Europe, these changes occurred rapidly and synchronously after the arrival of early farmers of Anatolian origin [1-3], who largely replaced the local Mesolithic hunter-gatherers [1, 4-6]. Further east, in the Baltic region, the transition was gradual, with little or no genetic input from incoming farmers [7]. Here we use ancient DNA to investigate the relationship between hunter-gatherers and farmers in the Lower Danube basin, a geographically intermediate area that is characterized by a rapid Neolithic transition but also by the presence of archaeological evidence that points to cultural exchange, and thus possible admixture, between hunter-gatherers and farmers. We recovered four human paleogenomes (1.1× to 4.1× coverage) from Romania spanning a time transect between 8.8 thousand years ago (kya) and 5.4 kya and supplemented them with two Mesolithic genomes (1.7× and 5.3×) from Spain to provide further context on the genetic background of Mesolithic Europe. Our results show major Western hunter-gatherer (WHG) ancestry in a Romanian Eneolithic sample with a minor, but sizeable, contribution from Anatolian farmers, suggesting multiple admixture events between hunter-gatherers and farmers. Dietary stable-isotope analysis of this sample suggests a mixed terrestrial/aquatic diet. Our results provide support for complex interactions among hunter-gatherers and farmers in the Danube basin, demonstrating that in some regions, demic and cultural diffusion were not mutually exclusive, but merely the ends of a continuum for the process of Neolithization.