A man buried in Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages era

The medieval era of the Turkic nomadic cultures in what is today Kazakhstan is a fascinating period marked by dynamic social structures, rich traditions, and significant historical impacts. This era, often spanning from the 6th to the 12th centuries, was characterized by the dominance of various Turkic khanates, confederations, and empires, such as the Göktürks, the Western Turkic Khaganate, and later, the Kimek and Kipchak Confederations. Here’s an extensive and detailed description of this intriguing era and culture:

Social and Political Structure

1. Tribal Society: The Turkic nomads organized themselves into tribes, each consisting of several clans typically led by a chief or a khan. These tribes formed confederations for mutual defense and cooperation.

2. Leadership and Governance: The khan, who was often seen as possessing divine favor or mandate, led with the assistance of tribal councils known as 'kurultai'. These councils were composed of clan leaders and were crucial for decision-making processes such as warfare and alliances.

3. Military Organization: Turkic nomadic groups were renowned for their formidable cavalry. Every male member was expected to be a skilled horseman and warrior, which contributed to the mobility and military prowess of these tribes.

Economy and Lifestyle

1. Nomadic Pastoralism: The economy was primarily based on nomadic pastoralism. The vast steppes of Kazakhstan provided ample grazing lands for horses, sheep, camels, and goats. The movement of nomads was typically seasonal, following patterns that maximized the use of available resources.

2. Trade: Despite their nomadic lifestyle, the Turkic tribes were actively involved in trade, particularly along the Silk Road. They traded livestock, horses, fur, and leather goods for silk, spices, and other luxuries brought by caravans.

3. Craftsmanship: There was a notable tradition of craftsmanship, particularly in metalworking and textiles. The nomads produced exquisite jewelry, weapons, and practical items like saddles and tents, which were often adorned with intricate designs.

Culture and Beliefs

1. Tengriism: The primary religion was Tengriism, a shamanistic and animistic belief system centered around the sky god Tengri. Nature and ancestor worship were integral parts of their spiritual life, with shamans playing essential roles as mediators between the physical and spiritual worlds.

2. Oral Traditions: Storytelling, epic poetry, and music were vital cultural elements. Bards, known as 'ashiks' or 'ozans', played stringed instruments like the dombra and were key to passing down histories and legends orally.

3. Art and Symbolism: Art was both decorative and symbolic, often featuring motifs of animals, particularly those revered in Tengriism, such as horses, wolves, and eagles. These motifs were prominent in personal adornment, weaponry, and household items.

Historical Impact

1. Cultural Influences: The Turkic nomads played a significant role in the cultural exchange that defined the medieval Silk Road. They not only facilitated trade but also influenced and integrated various cultural elements from China, Persia, and Byzantium into their own.

2. Military Influence: Their military techniques, especially horseback archery and mobile warfare, had far-reaching impacts, influencing neighboring cultures and later empires across Eurasia.

3. Formation of Khanates and Empires: The confederations and khanates formed during this era set the stage for the rise of significant historical figures like Genghis Khan. The Mongol Empire, for instance, was deeply influenced by Turkic military strategies and governance models.

In conclusion, the medieval nomadic societies of Kazakhstan were central players in the historical developments of Central Asia. Their cultural legacy, marked by adaptability, artistic expression, and martial prowess, had lasting influences on the regions they interacted with and the subsequent empires that arose from these nomadic traditions.

• Same Publication
• Same Culture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA124) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA124) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

The G25 coordinates for the sample DA124 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes