A woman buried in Croatia in the Pleistocene era
The Vindija Neanderthals refer to a population of Neanderthals that lived approximately 40,000 to 30,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic era in what is today Croatia. The most significant site for understanding this group is the Vindija Cave, located in the Hrvatsko Zagorje region of northern Croatia. This site has provided crucial insights into the physical characteristics, lifestyle, and eventual interactions with early modern humans in Europe.
Archaeological Context
Vindija Cave is a limestone site that has been systematically excavated since the late 20th century, yielding an abundant stratigraphy which includes Neanderthal and Early Modern Human artifacts and remains. These deposits have been instrumental in understanding the timeline and nature of interaction, if any, between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in that region. Radiocarbon dating and stratigraphic analyses situate the Neanderthal occupation between approximately 40,000 and 30,000 years ago, overlapping with the arrival of anatomically modern humans in Europe.
Physical Characteristics
The skeletal remains found in Vindija Cave indicate that these Neanderthals shared many of the robust physical traits typical of the broader Neanderthal population across Europe. Distinctive features include:
- A robust physique with strong, muscular builds suited for endurance and strength, advantageous for their hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
- Large cranial capacity, often larger than that of modern humans, with a distinctive long and low skull shape.
- Prominent brow ridges, a broad nose, and a projecting mid-face.
- Stocky limbs with relatively short distal segments, interpreted as an adaptation to cold climates.
Technology and Tool Use
The Vindija Neanderthals are primarily associated with the Mousterian tool industry, characterized by its use of the Levallois technique to produce flake tools. This mode of tool production indicates advanced planning and understanding of raw material properties. The assemblage included scrapers, points, and denticulates, which were likely used for a variety of tasks such as hunting, processing animal hides, and woodworking.
Interestingly, some of the layers in Vindija Cave also contain evidence of the Aurignacian industry, typically associated with modern humans. This overlap suggests potential cultural exchanges or interactions between the two species during this period.
Subsistence and Diet
Analysis of faunal remains and isotopic data from Vindija indicates that Neanderthals in the region subsisted primarily through hunting large game such as red deer, bison, and wild horses. The isotopic analysis of their bones reflects a high intake of animal protein, consistent with a predominantly carnivorous diet. However, evidence of microlithic tools suggests they might have exploited plant resources, although to a lesser extent than hunting.
Lifestyle and Living Environment
The region surrounding Vindija Cave during the Upper Paleolithic was likely a mixed environment of forests and open steppes, which would have supported the wide range of flora and fauna that the Neanderthals exploited. The cave itself provided a consistent, sheltered living space with evidence of recurring occupation over thousands of years. The presence of hearths suggests that the Neanderthals at Vindija utilized controlled fire for warmth, cooking, and possibly social gatherings.
Genetic Legacy
One of the most significant contributions of materials from Vindija Cave has been to the field of paleogenetics. DNA extracted from remains found at the site has been used to compare Neanderthal and modern human genomes. Results have shown that Neanderthals and early Homo sapiens interbred, leaving a small percentage of Neanderthal DNA in non-African human populations today. This genetic analysis has also revealed demographic information about Neanderthal populations, such as low genetic diversity, which may have contributed to their eventual decline.
Conclusion
The Vindija Neanderthals provide an invaluable window into a complex period of human evolution and interspecies interaction. Through the study of their physical remains, tool industries, and genetics, researchers continue to deepen our understanding of these resilient humans who thrived in the challenging environments of Upper Paleolithic Europe right up to their mysterious disappearance and assimilation into the gene pool of emerging modern human populations in Europe.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Vindija) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Vindija) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample Vindija are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
Vindija,-0.62667144,0.0607766,0.02111124,0.0368381,0.00393702,-0.00104048,0.12275444,-0.09614966,-0.01795884,0.02723212,0.01223108,-0.10988934,-0.03741488,-0.00395242,-0.0001173,-0.0016574,0.00233978,-0.01165466,0.00360312,-8.404E-05,0.0025024,-0.00136044,-0.00140562,-9.78E-06,-0.00257436
A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia
To date, the only Neandertal genome that has been sequenced to high quality is from an individual found in Southern Siberia. We sequenced the genome of a female Neandertal from ~50,000 years ago from Vindija Cave, Croatia, to ~30-fold genomic coverage. She carried 1.6 differences per 10,000 base pairs between the two copies of her genome, fewer than present-day humans, suggesting that Neandertal populations were of small size. Our analyses indicate that she was more closely related to the Neandertals that mixed with the ancestors of present-day humans living outside of sub-Saharan Africa than the previously sequenced Neandertal from Siberia, allowing 10 to 20% more Neandertal DNA to be identified in present-day humans, including variants involved in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations, schizophrenia, and other diseases.