A man buried in USA in the Colonial Era North America era

US-14
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
US-14
Date:
1521 CE - 1797 CE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
U4c1a
Y-DNA:
I-Z73
Cultural Period:
Colonial Period Pennsylvania, USA
Location
Country:
USA
Locality:
Shohola Creek. Indian Cabin Ridge. PA
Coordinates:
41.4323, -74.9467
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Colonial Period in Pennsylvania, part of the broader Anglo-American civilization, is a fascinating era characterized by diverse cultural, social, political, and economic elements that shaped the region's development. This period, spanning from the early 17th century to the American Revolution in the late 18th century, presents a mosaic of experiences and interactions among various groups, including European settlers, Indigenous peoples, and enslaved Africans.

Historical Context

Pennsylvania's colonial history began when the English King Charles II granted a land charter to William Penn in 1681. This land charter was partly to settle a debt owed to Penn's father but also to provide a place where Penn's Quaker religious beliefs could be freely practiced. Named \Penn's Woods," Pennsylvania was envisioned as a "Holy Experiment," a society based on religious freedom, fair governance, and peaceful coexistence with Native Americans.

Cultural and Religious Tapestry

One of the most distinctive aspects of colonial Pennsylvania was its religious tolerance and diversity. Unlike other colonies with dominant religious practices, Pennsylvania attracted a variety of religious and ethnic groups seeking refuge and freedom. The Quakers, who played a central role, were known for their pacifism, equality, and opposition to slavery. However, the colony also became home to other religious groups, including German Lutherans, Moravians, Mennonites, Amish, Anglicans, and Jews. This religious pluralism laid the foundations for a society that valued individual freedoms and community welfare.

Interactions with Indigenous Peoples

The relationship between Pennsylvania colonists and Native American tribes, such as the Lenape (Delaware), Susquehannock, and Iroquois, was relatively more peaceful compared to other colonies. William Penn's treaties, including the famous Treaty of Shackamaxon, emphasized negotiation and mutual respect, although this peace gradually eroded as more settlers arrived and land competition intensified.

Economic Development

Pennsylvania's economy flourished through agriculture, trade, and industry. The fertile land allowed for the cultivation of crops such as wheat, corn, and rye, making the colony known as the "Breadbasket" for the middle colonies. Additionally, Pennsylvania's forests supplied timber for shipbuilding and other industries. The colony's rivers, particularly the Delaware and the Schuylkill, facilitated trade and transportation.

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania's main city, quickly became a bustling port and commercial center. It attracted merchants, artisans, and laborers who contributed to a diverse economy. By the mid-18th century, Philadelphia was the largest city in British North America and an intellectual and cultural hub, hosting events like the establishment of the American Philosophical Society.

Governance and Political Life

Pennsylvania's political framework was marked by democratic principles and an emphasis on representative government. William Penn's Frame of Government, which emphasized fairness, inclusivity, and individual rights, influenced Pennsylvania's governance model. The colony had a popularly elected assembly, which contributed to a tradition of self-governance that impacted American political thought.

Social Structure and Everyday Life

The social structure in colonial Pennsylvania was less rigid than in other colonies, partly due to Quaker beliefs in equality. However, class distinctions existed, influenced by wealth, occupation, and origins. Pennsylvania's population comprised English, Welsh, Irish, Scots-Irish, German, Dutch, Swedish, and African peoples, each contributing to the colony's vibrant cultural mosaic.

Everyday life revolved around communities and family units, with a heavy emphasis on communal work and religious observance. Education was valued, and institutions like the University of Pennsylvania were established during this period.

Decline and Transition

The colonial period in Pennsylvania began to transform as tensions rose between the American colonies and Great Britain. The growing discontent with British rule and the desire for independence set the stage for Pennsylvania's significant role in the American Revolution. The colony's principles of liberty and freedom would influence the emerging nation profoundly.

In summary, the Colonial Period in Pennsylvania was an era marked by religious freedom, economic prosperity, diverse cultural influences, and a commitment to democratic governance. It set the stage for Pennsylvania's vital contributions to the founding and development of the United States."

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SN-56 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
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SN-58 3650 BCE California. San Nicolas Island, USA View
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US-14 1521 CE Shohola Creek. Indian Cabin Ridge. PA, USA View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
US-14 Colonial Period Pennsylvania, USA 1521 CE Shohola Creek. Indian Cabin Ridge. PA, USA View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (US-14) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

European Hunter-Gatherers 43%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 31%
Neolithic Farmers 23%
Ancient Native Americans 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (US-14) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Europe 96%
Northwestern European 49%
English 29.0%
Scandinavian 13.5%
Northwestern European 4.4%
Finnish 2.0%
Southern European 30%
Italian 17.5%
Balkan 11.9%
Eastern European 17%
Eastern European 17.1%
Africa 3%
North African 3%
North African 2.8%
African Hunter-Gatherer 0%
America 1%
America 1%
Native American 1.2%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample US-14 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

US-14,0.12434462,0.12021654,0.05676628,0.0448863,0.03420368,0.01611944,-0.0023311,-0.00303502,0.00179114,-0.00341936,-0.00657846,0.00515074,-0.01297256,-0.00702816,0.02107996,-0.00837702,-0.0190819,0.0014283,0.0001736,-0.00226842,0.00520376,0.00187026,-0.00441196,0.01308078,-0.00161118
Analyze it in G25 Studio
Scientific Papers References
Ancient human parallel lineages within North America contributed to a coastal expansion
Authors:
Scheib CL, Li H, Desai T
Abstract:

Little is known regarding the first people to enter the Americas and their genetic legacy. Genomic analysis of the oldest human remains from the Americas showed a direct relationship between a Clovis-related ancestral population and all modern Central and South Americans as well as a deep split separating them from North Americans in Canada. We present 91 ancient human genomes from California and Southwestern Ontario and demonstrate the existence of two distinct ancestries in North America, which possibly split south of the ice sheets. A contribution from both of these ancestral populations is found in all modern Central and South Americans. The proportions of these two ancestries in ancient and modern populations are consistent with a coastal dispersal and multiple admixture events.

Link:
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