A man buried in Canada in the Pre-Columbian North America era
The Late Dorset culture represents a significant period in the prehistoric history of Arctic regions in Canada, particularly spanning from approximately 500 to 1500 CE. This era is recognized as the final phase of the broader Dorset culture, which peaked before the arrival and expansion of the Thule people. Situated across the Arctic archipelago, as well as in parts of present-day Greenland, Nunavut, and Labrador, the Late Dorset peoples adapted to the challenging environment of the Arctic, characterized by its cold climate and ice-covered landscapes.
Cultural Characteristics:
Technological Skills: The Late Dorset culture is notably marked by its sophisticated tool-making skills adapted to their harsh environment. They excelled in creating small, finely crafted tools typically made from stone, bone, and ivory. They produced distinctive items such as harpoon heads, knives, and scrapers, which were essential for hunting sea mammals like seals and whales, as well as terrestrial animals such as caribou.
Art and Symbolism: Art played a crucial role in Late Dorset society, with evidence of intricate carvings on items like soapstone lamps, panels, and small figurines depicting humans and animals. These artifacts suggest a rich symbolic and spiritual life, perhaps indicating shamanistic practices or storytelling traditions. The carvings often exhibit abstract patterns, stylized motifs of animals, and are among the most sophisticated artistic expressions found within any Arctic culture at the time.
Settlement and Subsistence Patterns: Late Dorset communities were semi-nomadic, migrating in accordance to the seasonal availability of resources. They typically established settlements near rich feeding grounds, and archaeological sites reveal dwellings that vary from skin tents used in summer to more substantial structures built using whale bones and stone during the winter months. Their diet primarily consisted of marine resources, and their hunting expertise was crucial for survival in the challenging Arctic environments.
Social Organization: Although information on the social structure of the Late Dorset peoples is limited, the distribution and size of sites suggest small, mobile family units or bands were common. Collaboration and cooperation would have been essential for survival, particularly during hunting expeditions.
Environmental and Climatic Adaptations: The Late Dorset culture thrived during what is known as the Neo-Glacial period, characterized by colder climates. Their adaptation strategies to these environments demonstrate resilience and ingenuity, from developing clothing suited for extreme temperatures to creating tools and techniques for hunting and processing animals efficiently.
Interactions and Decline: The interaction between the Late Dorset culture and the incoming Thule people, who migrated from Alaska with advanced technologies such as bow and arrow and large whale-hunting boats, remains a subject of study. The eventual decline of the Late Dorset culture around 1500 CE is attributed to a combination of factors including environmental changes, resource depletion, and potential competition with the Thule for resources.
In conclusion, the Late Dorset culture signifies a pinnacle of adaptation and human ingenuity in prehistoric Arctic Canada. They maintained and developed unique cultural practices and technologies that allowed them to thrive in one of the most challenging environments in the world until external pressures and changing climates led to their gradual decline. Their legacy remains an integral aspect of the history and anthropology of Arctic indigenous cultures.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (LateDorset-XIV-H_126) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (LateDorset-XIV-H_126) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample LateDorset-XIV-H_126 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
LateDorset-XIV-H_126,0.05207484,-0.33614614,0.10252474,0.00928532,-0.0900197,-0.04302808,-0.00314254,-0.00053986,0.01072228,0.00363594,0.02806258,0.0002606,-0.0002031,-0.01922766,-0.01941556,-0.01784904,-0.00725748,0.01043074,0.02247352,0.011838,0.02168554,-0.0287461,0.00913442,0.01082266,0.01538888
The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic
The New World Arctic, the last region of the Americas to be populated by humans, has a relatively well-researched archaeology, but an understanding of its genetic history is lacking. We present genome-wide sequence data from ancient and present-day humans from Greenland, Arctic Canada, Alaska, Aleutian Islands, and Siberia. We show that Paleo-Eskimos (~3000 BCE to 1300 CE) represent a migration pulse into the Americas independent of both Native American and Inuit expansions. Furthermore, the genetic continuity characterizing the Paleo-Eskimo period was interrupted by the arrival of a new population, representing the ancestors of present-day Inuit, with evidence of past gene flow between these lineages. Despite periodic abandonment of major Arctic regions, a single Paleo-Eskimo metapopulation likely survived in near-isolation for more than 4000 years, only to vanish around 700 years ago.