A man buried in Greece in the Late Neolithic era

The Late Neolithic 2 period in Greece, spanning approximately 5300 to 4500 BCE, represents a significant era in the prehistoric Aegean civilization. This era is crucial for understanding the socio-cultural and technological transformations that set the stage for the subsequent Bronze Age Aegean cultures, including the Minoans and Mycenaeans.

Geographical Context

Late Neolithic 2 Greece was primarily centered in the Aegean region, which included both mainland Greece and various islands like Crete and the Cyclades. The geography of the Aegean Sea contributed to the development of maritime skills among the inhabitants and facilitated interactions between different communities, laying an early foundation for the complex trading networks of the Bronze Age.

Settlements and Architecture

Settlements during the Late Neolithic 2 became more permanent and elaborate compared to earlier periods. Villages were typically located in fertile plains or near crucial resources like water bodies. Dwellings were often rectangular or circular, with mud-brick or stone foundations and thatched roofs, reflecting advances in building techniques. Some settlements, such as those found at sites like Dimini and Sesklo, began to exhibit proto-urban characteristics with organized layout, communal spaces, and evidence of social stratification.

Economy and Subsistence

The economy was primarily agrarian, with farming, herding, and fishing as the core activities. People cultivated crops like wheat, barley, lentils, and peas, using simple but effective agricultural tools. Animal husbandry included the domestication of sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle. These practices not only ensured food security but also facilitated trade, as surplus goods could be exchanged with neighboring communities for other resources or exotic items.

Tools and Technology

Technological advancements during this period included the development of new stone tools, such as sickles, grinding stones, and axes, reflecting an increasingly sophisticated approach to agriculture. Pottery became more refined, with diverse shapes and decorative motifs, including geometric patterns and representations of fauna and flora. This pottery evolution provides critical insights into symbolic communication and aesthetic preferences.

Art and Culture

Artistic expression saw a significant rise during the Late Neolithic 2 era, with evidence of both utilitarian and ceremonial artifacts. Figurines, often crafted from clay or marble, depicted human and animal forms and likely held religious or ritualistic significance. These artifacts suggest a complex belief system, possibly centered around fertility cults or ancestor worship.

Social Structure and Organization

Society during this era appeared to be clan-based with emerging social stratification. Evidence points towards the existence of a form of social hierarchy or leaders who may have held both religious and political power. This is inferred from the differential burial practices, where some individuals were interred with more elaborate grave goods than others, indicating status differences.

Trade and Interaction

The Late Neolithic 2 period saw an increase in long-distance trade, facilitated by the Aegean's maritime nature. This included the exchange of materials like obsidian, sourced from Melos, and possibly ideas and technological know-how. Such interactions contributed to cultural convergence across the Aegean, as seen in shared artistic styles and technological methods.

Conclusion

The Late Neolithic 2 era in Greece was a dynamic precursor to later Aegean civilizations. It was characterized by significant developments in settlement patterns, economic practices, technological innovation, and social structures. The cultural and technological advancements of this period laid crucial groundwork for the emergence of the complex societies of the Early Bronze Age and ultimately the sophisticated civilizations like the Minoans and Mycenaeans that followed. Overall, the Late Neolithic 2 period represents a pivotal moment of transition and transformation in prehistoric Greece, marked by increasing complexity and interconnectedness among its communities.

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Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Klei10) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (Klei10) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

The G25 coordinates for the sample Klei10 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

Early farmers from across Europe directly descended from Neolithic Aegeans