A man buried in Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages era

The Karluk Culture, specifically referred to as \Karluk Culture 2" in the context of your query, represents a significant period and cultural entity within the broader Turkic civilization in Central Asia during the early medieval era. The Karluks were a prominent Turkic tribal confederation that played a crucial role in the historical and cultural development of the region now known as Kazakhstan and parts of present-day Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and China.

Historical Context

The Karluks first appeared in historical records around the 8th century. They were originally part of the Gokturk Khaganate, one of the major early Turkic empires, but later asserted their independence as the Khaganate weakened due to internal strife and external pressures. This period saw the Karluk tribes migrate westward from their original homeland in the Altai Mountains, eventually settling in the territory we now associate with Eastern Kazakhstan and beyond.

Political Structure and Society

The Karluks were organized into a confederation, a common political structure among the nomadic peoples of the Central Asian steppes. This confederation was composed of several tribes, each led by a chieftain or a "beg." The Karluk confederation was governed by a khan, who held the highest authority, though the leadership structure was often fluid and could shift due to changes in allegiance or external threats.

As they expanded their influence, the Karluks established the Kara-Khanid Khanate in the late 9th century, marking a pivotal transformation from a tribal confederation to a more centralized form of governance. This transition allowed for greater administrative efficiency and paved the way for economic and cultural development.

Economic Activities

The Karluk culture was characterized by a dual economic structure that capitalized on both nomadic pastoralism and sedentary agriculture. The steppe regions were ideally suited for raising livestock, such as horses, sheep, and camels, which were integral to the Karluks' nomadic lifestyle. Simultaneously, the proximity to the Silk Road facilitated trade, allowing the Karluks to engage in the exchange of goods such as textiles, seeds, spices, and crafted items, with neighboring regions and distant civilizations.

The development of the Kara-Khanid Khanate also saw an increasing emphasis on agriculture, particularly in more fertile areas, where the Karluks developed irrigation systems to cultivate crops like barley, millet, and wheat.

Cultural and Religious Influences

Culturally, the Karluks contributed to the rich tapestry of Turkic civilization through their language, art, and social customs. Their language, related to other Turkic dialects, evolved over time, and with increased settled life, it began adopting influences from Persian and Arabic as they converted to Islam.

The Karluk conversion to Islam was a significant event in their history, deeply influencing their cultural and artistic expression. Islamic scholarship, art, and architecture began to thrive under their patronage, leading to the establishment of educational and religious institutions, such as madrasas and mosques, that further enriched the cultural landscape.

Artistic Contributions

Karluk art is noted for its combination of nomadic Turkic elements with Islamic motifs. The production of textiles, metalwork, and ceramics often reflected intricate designs drawing from nature and geometric patterns prevalent in Islamic art. The use of vibrant colors and detailed patterns in Karluk artistic expressions illustrates a synthesis of their nomadic heritage with the settled artistic traditions adopted after their conversion to Islam.

Legacy

The legacy of the Karluk culture is evident today in various aspects of Central Asian culture, from oral traditions and music to architecture and culinary practices. The Karluk period served as a foundational epoch that facilitated the transmission of Turkic culture throughout Central Asia and into the realms of the Islamic world, significantly impacting the geopolitical and cultural development of the region.

In summary, the Karluk Culture 2 era represents a pivotal chapter in the history of Turkic civilization, characterized by dynamic socio-political transformations, economic diversification, and cultural amalgamation. Its impacts resonate through the annals of Central Asian history, marking it as a critical period in the development of a unique and enduring cultural heritage."

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Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I12116) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (I12116) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

The G25 coordinates for the sample I12116 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes