A woman buried in Mexico in the Post-Classic era
The Purépecha (also known as the Tarascan) State was a prominent pre-Columbian civilization in the western part of present-day Mexico, predominantly in the region that is now the state of Michoacán. It flourished from roughly the 14th century until the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century. This culture was known for its unique language, sophisticated metallurgy, and social structure, all of which made it distinct amongst the Mesoamerican civilizations.
Geographical and Cultural Context:
The Purépecha civilization was primarily centered around Lake Pátzcuaro, but its influence extended across a substantial part of modern-day Michoacán, reaching into the states of Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Guerrero. This region is characterized by a diverse environment of lakes, rivers, and mountains, which influenced the Purépecha people's lifestyle, including their agriculture and political organization.
The environmental diversity facilitated the growth of different crops such as maize, beans, and squash, which were staples of the Purépecha diet. Lake Pátzcuaro also provided abundant fish and was central to transportation and communication.
Language and Identity:
The Purépecha language, also called Tarascan, is a linguistic isolate, meaning it has no known relation to any other language family. This unique language contributed to a strong cultural identity, setting the Purépecha apart from neighboring civilizations like the Aztecs and the Maya.
Political Structure and Governance:
The Purépecha State was a highly organized and centralized kingdom. At its height, it was ruled by a series of powerful kings known as \cazonci." The capital was Tzintzuntzan, strategically located near Lake Pátzcuaro. The cazonci wielded considerable authority, supported by a class of nobility and an organized bureaucracy that collected taxes in the form of crops, labor, and precious goods.
Unlike the Aztecs, the Purépecha did not engage extensively in human sacrifice, a practice notably absent in their religious customs compared to other Mesoamerican cultures, though certain rituals did require offerings. They were in frequent conflict with the neighboring Aztec Empire, resisting subjugation thanks to strong military organization and strategic fortifications.
Economy and Craftsmanship:
The Purépecha were highly skilled metalworkers, especially known for their use of copper, distinguishing them from other Mesoamerican civilizations who predominantly used stone tools. They developed advanced techniques for smelting and working with metals, creating tools, weapons, and decorative items. This expertise in metallurgy contributed to their economic power and was a significant trade commodity with neighboring cultures.
In addition to metallurgy, the Purépecha were proficient in other crafts, such as pottery and weaving. They produced intricately designed textiles and pottery, which were crucial components of trade and daily life.
Religion and Cosmology:
Purépecha religion was polytheistic, with a pantheon of gods associated with natural elements and celestial bodies. The most important deity was Curicaueri, the god of war and the sun, highlighting the culture's militaristic and solar worship aspects.
Rituals and ceremonies were an integral part of Purépecha society, often coinciding with agricultural cycles and important celestial events. Temples and pyramids, such as the yácatas (step pyramids on circular platforms), were central to these religious practices.
Art and Architecture:
Purépecha art and architecture reflect a sophisticated aesthetic sense and technical prowess. Their architectural style is noted for yácatas, which were unique to the Purépecha and served as both religious and political centers. These structures were often built using stone and adobe, carefully constructed to align with astronomical phenomena.
In terms of artistic expression, the Purépecha created intricate pottery and textiles adorned with complex patterns and vibrant colors, often depicting religious or mythological themes. These art forms not only served practical purposes but also reinforced cultural narratives and religious beliefs.
The Spanish Conquest:
The Purépecha State came under the influence of the Spanish in the early 16th century. Unlike the Aztecs, the Purépecha did not resist long, partly due to their ongoing conflicts with the Aztecs and political instability upon the arrival of the conquerors. The last cazonci, Tangaxuan II, was executed by the Spanish, marking the end of the Purépecha state's sovereignty.
Legacy:
Despite the Spanish conquest, the Purépecha people and their culture have endured. Today, they remain a vibrant indigenous group in Mexico, preserving their language, crafts, and elements of their ancestral traditions. Their historical contributions, particularly in metallurgy and distinctive political resilience, continue to be subjects of study and admiration within the broader context of Mesoamerican history."
Demographic history and genetic structure in pre-Hispanic Central Mexico
Aridoamerica and Mesoamerica are two distinct cultural areas in northern and central Mexico, respectively, that hosted numerous pre-Hispanic civilizations between 2500 BCE and 1521 CE. The division between these regions shifted southward because of severe droughts ~1100 years ago, which allegedly drove a population replacement in central Mexico by Aridoamerican peoples. In this study, we present shotgun genome-wide data from 12 individuals and 27 mitochondrial genomes from eight pre-Hispanic archaeological sites across Mexico, including two at the shifting border of Aridoamerica and Mesoamerica. We find population continuity that spans the climate change episode and a broad preservation of the genetic structure across present-day Mexico for the past 2300 years. Lastly, we identify a contribution to pre-Hispanic populations of northern and central Mexico from two ancient unsampled "ghost" populations.