A man buried in Kazakhstan in the Medieval era

The Turkic Period of Kazakhstan, a significant era in the broader narrative of Turkic civilization, spans from the 6th to the 12th century. This period marks a transformative era of socio-political evolution, cultural development, and economic activity that has left a lasting impact on the region's history. Here is an extensive and detailed description of this rich period:

Historical Context

The Turkic Period began with the emergence of the Göktürk Khaganate in the mid-6th century, which was the first Turkic state established by the Ashina clan. This period can be seen as a time when various Turkic tribes and groups, who followed a nomadic lifestyle, started to consolidate power and form influential states that expanded across the steppes of Central Asia, including the region known today as Kazakhstan.

The Göktürk Khaganate laid the foundation for subsequent Turkic states and significantly influenced the political landscape of Central Asia. After the split of the Göktürk Khaganate into Eastern and Western factions, the western part, covering much of modern Kazakhstan, became a center of various successor states, including the Western Turkic Khaganate.

Ethno-cultural Developments

During this period, the region witnessed the amalgamation of different ethnic groups such as Turks, Sogdians, and other indigenous nomadic tribes. The rich cultural tapestry featured a mix of shamanistic practices and the gradual introduction of major world religions, including Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, and later Islam, which began to spread in the 8th century through trade and conquest.

Language and writing systems flourished during this era, with Old Turkic script used widely for inscriptions and documents. The Orkhon inscriptions from this period provide invaluable insight into the language, culture, and political dynamics of the Turks.

Political and Military Structure

Turkic governance during this era was characterized by a clan-based aristocracy and confederations of tribes led by a Khagan, or a supreme ruler. The political system combined nomadic traditions with elements adapted from neighboring civilizations. Military prowess was essential for maintaining control and expanding territories, relying heavily on the superior mobility and tactics of the cavalry-based armies.

Significant states during this era included the Kimek and Kipchak khanates, which played central roles in the region’s politics. The Oghuz Turks, another major confederation, also had profound influence and paved the way for later Turkic empires, such as the Seljuks.

Trade and Economy

The Silk Road was crucial to Kazakhstan during the Turkic Period, facilitating extensive trade and cultural exchanges between East and West. The nomadic tribes of Kazakhstan became key players in the Silk Road network, trading goods such as furs, horses, and other livestock in exchange for silk, spices, and other luxury items.

This era also saw the rise of cities like Taraz and Yasy (modern-day Turkistan), which became major commercial and cultural hubs. The prosperity of urban centers helped in the spread of ideas and technologies across the region.

Cultural and Artistic Achievements

The Turkic Period was marked by considerable achievements in arts and crafts, influenced by interactions with neighboring cultures such as the Persians, Chinese, and Arabs. The art and craft traditions included intricate metalwork, textiles, and jewelry, often adorned with depictions of animals and mythological motifs reflecting the Turkic nomadic heritage.

Architecture during this era saw the construction of mausoleums, fortresses, and town structures, often integrating elements from Islamic architecture as the religion began to take a stronger hold in the region. The mausoleum of Ahmad Yasawi, although completed later, owes much to the architectural styles developed during this period.

Legacy

The Turkic Period set the stage for the rise of powerful Turkic empires and paved the way for the cultural and political landscape that continues to influence modern-day Kazakhstan and Central Asia. The legacy of the Turkic Period can still be seen in the region’s cultural traditions, linguistic ties, and historical consciousness among the Kazakh people and other Turkic groups.

Overall, the Turkic Period of Kazakhstan represents a dynamic and influential era that contributed significantly to the development of Central Asian civilization and the broader Turkic world, leaving an indelible mark on history and culture.

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Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA89) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA89) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

The G25 coordinates for the sample DA89 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes