A man buried in Kyrgyzstan in the Medieval era

DA74
Portrait reconstruction
Disclaimer: The portrait shown is a speculative reconstruction and not the actual face of the ancient sample. It represents an artistic interpretation based on archaeological data.
Specimen Details
Sample ID:
DA74
Date:
264 CE - 555 CE
Biological Sex:
Male
mtDNA:
H7b
Y-DNA:
Q-YP1681
Cultural Period:
The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan
Location
Country:
Kyrgyzstan
Locality:
Tian Shan. Central Steppe
Coordinates:
41.5014, 75.7947
Map Location
Historical Timeline
Description

The Hun period in Kyrgyzstan is an intriguing era that represents a significant chapter in the tapestry of Central Asian history, particularly concerning the nomadic steppe cultures. This period is characterized by the dominance and migrations of the Huns, a confederation of nomadic tribes whose influence extended across vast parts of Eurasia, including the Tian Shan mountains of present-day Kyrgyzstan.

Geographic and Environmental Context

The geography of Kyrgyzstan, particularly the Tian Shan mountain range, played a critical role in shaping the lifestyle and culture of the Hun period. The rugged and mountainous terrain provided a natural fortress, enabling the Huns and other nomadic tribes to thrive. This region, known for its harsh winters and diverse ecosystems, dictated the nomadic lifestyle, as it required adaptability and a deep understanding of seasonal migrations for pastoralism.

Society and Culture

The Huns were predominantly pastoral nomads, relying extensively on herding and livestock management for their livelihoods. Their society was organized around clans and tribes, with strong kinship ties and a fluid hierarchical structure. The social organization was typically led by a chieftain or a khan, who was chosen based on prowess in warfare and leadership skills.

Lifestyle and Daily Life

Nomadic life necessitated mobility and adaptability. The Huns lived in portable dwellings such as yurts (felt tents), which were well-suited for the nomadic lifestyle, allowing them to relocate efficiently with the changing seasons. Livestock, particularly horses, sheep, and camels, were central to their way of life, providing food, clothing, and materials for trade.

The Huns were skilled horsemen, which played a crucial role in their military strategies and daily life. Horses were not only essential for transportation but also symbolized power and prestige. The mastery of horseback riding and archery made the Huns formidable warriors and facilitated their dominance over vast territories.

Economy and Trade

While primarily pastoralists, the Huns engaged in trade with sedentary civilizations along the Silk Road, a network of trade routes that connected the East and West. These interactions facilitated the exchange of goods, such as silk, spices, and metals, and cultural influences, including technological and artistic innovations. However, their reputation as fierce warriors often led them to conquer or demand tributes from neighboring sedentary populations.

Religion and Beliefs

The spiritual life of the Huns was deeply intertwined with shamanistic beliefs and animism. They revered the natural world and believed in various spirits and deities associated with nature, such as mountains, rivers, and animals. Shamans held an important role in Hun communities, acting as intermediaries between the spiritual and physical worlds.

Art and Material Culture

Hun art and material culture are characterized by their practical and utilitarian nature, reflecting the mobile lifestyle. They crafted beautifully decorated weapons and horse tack, often adorned with intricate designs that had symbolic meanings. Metalworking skills were advanced, allowing for the creation of durable tools and ornaments.

Impact and Legacy

The Hun period significantly influenced the socio-political landscape of Central Asia and beyond. Their movements and military campaigns contributed to the shaping of future steppe empires and the eventual migration patterns of various tribes. The legacy of the Huns is evident in the cultural blending and exchanges that occurred during their dominance, as well as in the historical narratives and myths that arose in their wake.

In conclusion, the Hun period in Kyrgyzstan exemplifies the dynamic and complex nature of nomadic steppe cultures. It offers a captivating glimpse into the adaptability, resilience, and ingenuity of the Huns as they navigated the challenges and opportunities presented by the vast and varied landscapes of Central Asia.

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DA208 1650 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
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DA223 414 BCE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA226 50 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA227 300 BCE Tian Shan. Central Steppe. Turgen-2, Kazakhstan View
DA228 300 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA231 1610 BCE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA23 1036 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA243 450 CE Caucasus, Russia View
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DA27 265 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
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DA29 1200 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
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DA356 2456 BCE Ust'-Ida, Russia View
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DA87 605 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA89 645 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
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DA92 51 BCE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA93 678 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA94 600 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA95 241 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kazakhstan View
DA96 250 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA98 26 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
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Sample ID Culture/Period Date Location Action
DA81 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 166 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA85 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 133 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA70 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 26 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA98 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 26 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA101 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 212 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA385 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 415 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA100 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 235 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA104 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 1 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA72 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 250 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA96 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 250 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA74 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 264 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA80 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 236 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA69 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 266 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA73 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 236 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA52 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 411 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA66 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 431 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA65 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 265 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA54 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 255 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA82 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 33 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA68 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 550 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA71 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 246 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
DA105 The Hun Period in Kyrgyzstan 125 CE Tian Shan. Central Steppe, Kyrgyzstan View
Ancient Genetic Admixture

Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA74) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Ancient Asians 39%
Western Steppe Pastoralists 25%
European Hunter-Gatherers 22%
Neolithic Farmers 11%
Ancient Native Americans 2%
Modern Genetic Admixture

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA74) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

Asia 62%
Central Asian, Northern Indian & Pakistani 27%
Central Asian 19.1%
Pakistan 8.2%
Northern Asian 23%
Mongolian 14.7%
Siberian 7.8%
Northern West Asian 11%
Caucasian 11.4%
Chinese & Southeast Asian 0%
Europe 35%
Eastern European 26%
Eastern European 26.2%
Northwestern European 9%
Scandinavian 4.5%
English 2.6%
Northwestern European 1.9%
America 3%
America 3%
Native American 3.2%
G25 Coordinates

The G25 coordinates for the sample DA74 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

DA74,0.08985598,-0.08362162,0.04158754,0.02155262,-0.03783376,-0.00039152,0.00201448,0.00070822,-0.01372976,-0.01747472,-0.00537592,0.00181902,0.00066918,-0.01346708,0.00929864,0.00289436,-0.0088544,0.00065646,0.00355366,0.0045996,-0.01158718,0.00220524,0.00236824,0.00598078,-0.00100747
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Scientific Papers References
137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes
Authors:
Damgaard PB, Marchi N, Rasmussen S
Abstract:

For thousands of years the Eurasian steppes have been a centre of human migrations and cultural change. Here we sequence the genomes of 137 ancient humans (about 1× average coverage), covering a period of 4,000 years, to understand the population history of the Eurasian steppes after the Bronze Age migrations. We find that the genetics of the Scythian groups that dominated the Eurasian steppes throughout the Iron Age were highly structured, with diverse origins comprising Late Bronze Age herders, European farmers and southern Siberian hunter-gatherers. Later, Scythians admixed with the eastern steppe nomads who formed the Xiongnu confederations, and moved westward in about the second or third century BC, forming the Hun traditions in the fourth-fifth century AD, and carrying with them plague that was basal to the Justinian plague. These nomads were further admixed with East Asian groups during several short-term khanates in the Medieval period. These historical events transformed the Eurasian steppes from being inhabited by Indo-European speakers of largely West Eurasian ancestry to the mostly Turkic-speaking groups of the present day, who are primarily of East Asian ancestry.

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