A woman buried in Kazakhstan in the Iron Age era

The Late Saka culture, which thrived in what is now Kazakhstan, represents a fascinating period in the history of steppe nomads. Dating from approximately the 6th to 3rd centuries BCE, the Saka were part of a broader group of Iranian-speaking peoples spread across Central Asia, known for their distinctive cultural and societal developments.

Origin and Identity

The Saka, specifically the Late Saka culture, were an Indo-Iranian nomadic group, closely related to the Scythians and other nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppes. As master horsemen and formidable warriors, the Saka's influence pervaded the vast grasslands stretching from the Black Sea to the Altai Mountains, impacting trade, culture, and politics in this region.

Lifestyle and Economy

As nomads, the Saka's lifestyle revolved around seasonal migrations that facilitated their pastoral economy. They bred horses, cattle, sheep, and goats, which were central to their sustenance, providing meat, milk, leather, and wool. Moreover, horses were an integral part of their mobility and military prowess.

The Saka engaged in trade with settled civilizations in Asia, including the Achaemenid Empire, swapping their horses and other high-value goods for luxury items and cultivated products. This exchange greatly influenced their material culture and introduced new artistic and technological innovations.

Art and Symbolism

Art in the Late Saka culture is characterized by its vibrant and dynamic imagery, often featuring wildlife, mythical creatures, and stylized depictions of daily life. The \animal style" art is particularly noteworthy, depicting animals in dynamic poses, symbolizing power and vitality, themes deeply rooted in their shamanistic and animistic beliefs.

Burial Practices and Archaeology

The Late Saka culture is perhaps best known for its rich burial sites, represented by kurgans (burial mounds). These kurgans provide significant insight into the social structure, beliefs, and the craftsmanship of the Saka. Elite burials, such as the famed "Golden Man" discovered in the Issyk kurgan, feature elaborate garments, jewelry, and weaponry, showcasing their metallurgical skills and the high status of these individuals.

Weapons and Warfare

The Saka were renowned warriors, and their military culture was defined by their use of the composite bow, skillful horsemanship, and mobile warfare tactics. Weapons found in their burial sites, including iron swords and spears, emphasize their martial capabilities. The Saka frequently engaged in warfare, both amongst themselves and against external powers like the Persians.

Social and Political Organization

The society of the Late Saka was clan-based and tribal, with each tribe led by a chieftain or a coalition of chieftains. They had a stratified society with hierarchies, where warriors and skilled artisans often held significant status. The leadership roles were often hereditary, yet depended heavily on individual prowess and charisma.

Religion and Beliefs

Shamanism played a pivotal role in the spiritual life of the Saka. They believed in a world infused with spirits and sought the intercession of shamans for guidance. The reverence for celestial bodies, such as the sun and moon, and worship of ancestors were also crucial aspects of their belief system.

Interaction with Neighboring Cultures

The Saka were involved in complex relationships with neighboring cultures, alternating between roles as raiders, mercenaries, and traders. Their encounters with the Achaemenid Empire—where they are often referred to as "Saka" in Persian inscriptions—demonstrate their significant role in the politics and military campaigns of the region.

In conclusion, the Late Saka culture is a vivid chapter in the history of the Eurasian steppes, reflecting the dynamic interactions of nomadic societies with their environments and neighboring civilizations. Their legacy, exemplified through their art, burial customs, and enduring cultural motifs, continues to captivate historians and archaeologists today."

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Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA201) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.

Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (DA201) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.

These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.

The G25 coordinates for the sample DA201 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.

137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes