A woman buried in Portugal in the Mesolithic era
The Geometric Mesolithic era in Portugal, approximately spanning between 7000 and 4500 BCE, represents a fascinating and transformative period in prehistory when human societies in the region showed distinct cultural and subsistence adaptations following the end of the last Ice Age. The region's inhabitants during this time exhibited unique responses to environmental changes by developing specific technological advances, social structures, and artistic expressions.
Environmental Context
During the Geometric Mesolithic, Portugal, like much of Europe, was experiencing significant climatic shifts as the planet warmed after the Pleistocene. The rising temperatures and changing ecosystems led to the retreat of glacial landscapes, promoting the development of dense forests and rich coastal environments. This period marked an increase in biodiversity and the availability of resources, particularly in aquatic environments due to the rise in sea levels which formed extensive estuaries and rich marine habitats.
Subsistence Strategies
Building on these environmental changes, populations in the Geometric Mesolithic period adapted their subsistence strategies significantly. They exploited a diverse range of food sources, a shift from the more mobile and broad-spectrum foraging of the Upper Paleolithic.
Marine Resources: The abundant coastline of Portugal allowed for the efficient use of marine and estuary resources. Archaeological sites reveal a diet rich in shellfish, fish, and marine mammals, evidenced by shell middens found at various sites.
Hunting and Gathering: While marine resources were critical, there was also extensive use of terrestrial resources including hunting a variety of game such as deer, wild boar, and small mammals and gathering plant resources such as nuts, berries, and roots from the expanding woodlands.
Technological Developments
One of the defining characteristics of the Geometric Mesolithic is the advancement in lithic technology. Microliths, small worked flint tools that were often geometric in shape, were highly prevalent and suggest sophisticated hunting techniques, like the use of composite tools such as arrows and harpoons.
- Geometric Microliths: These small tools were typically shaped into triangles, trapezoids, and crescents, indicative of technological innovation aimed at maximizing the efficiency of hunting and gathering.
Social and Cultural Aspects
The period saw likely changes in social organization as reflected in settlement patterns. Although still primarily nomadic or semi-nomadic, evidence points to an increase in semi-permanent or seasonally revisited settlements near optimal resource zones such as rivers and estuaries.
Burial Practices: Sites indicate ritualistic aspects of life with specific burial practices, where individuals were sometimes buried with items like microliths or adorned with ochre, suggesting symbolic or ritualistic beliefs.
Art and Symbolism: The geometric designs of microliths themselves might hint at an aesthetic or symbolic component, which, along with sporadic findings of engraved stones and ornaments, highlight a cultural complexity that included artistic expression.
Interaction and Exchange
The era also likely saw the beginnings of interaction and exchange between coastal and inland groups, indicated by the spread of stylistic and technological innovations, suggesting a network of communication and possibly trade. This period set the foundation for the Neolithic transition that would follow, as influences and ideas about agriculture began to filter into the region from the Near East and Mediterranean.
Summary
The Geometric Mesolithic in Portugal encapsulates a period of adaptation and innovation amid environmental change. It reflects an era where human ingenuity responded to the challenges and opportunities presented by a warming post-glacial world. This era laid critical groundwork for the eventual shift to agricultural societies, helping shape the cultural landscape of prehistoric Portugal.
Ancient genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (CMS001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles ancient populations from different geographic regions.
Modern genetic admixture analysis compares the DNA profile of this individual (CMS001) with present-day reference populations. These results show what percentage of the individual's genetic makeup resembles modern populations from different geographic regions.
These results complement the ancient ancestry components shown in the previous section, offering a different perspective on the individual's genetic profile by comparing it with modern reference populations rather than prehistoric ancestral groups.
The G25 coordinates for the sample CMS001 are as follows. You can analyze its admixture using G25 Studio.
CMS001,0.12186584,0.08430716,0.05447666,0.06712072,0.04029382,0.00208638,0.00666208,0.00768126,0.003578,-0.00732228,-0.00442762,0.00231574,-0.00094388,-0.00109868,0.01597136,0.00443372,-0.00948652,0.00681628,0.0021684,0.0031701,0.00332012,-0.00348544,0.00745534,0.0098693,0.00365685
Survival of Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe represents an important test case for the study of human population movements during prehistoric periods. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the peninsula formed a periglacial refugium [1] for hunter-gatherers (HGs) and thus served as a potential source for the re-peopling of northern latitudes [2]. The post-LGM genetic signature was previously described as a cline from Western HG (WHG) to Eastern HG (EHG), further shaped by later Holocene expansions from the Near East and the North Pontic steppes [3-9]. Western and central Europe were dominated by ancestry associated with the ∼14,000-year-old individual from Villabruna, Italy, which had largely replaced earlier genetic ancestry, represented by 19,000-15,000-year-old individuals associated with the Magdalenian culture [2]. However, little is known about the genetic diversity in southern European refugia, the presence of distinct genetic clusters, and correspondence with geography. Here, we report new genome-wide data from 11 HGs and Neolithic individuals that highlight the late survival of Paleolithic ancestry in Iberia, reported previously in Magdalenian-associated individuals. We show that all Iberian HGs, including the oldest, a ∼19,000-year-old individual from El Mirón in Spain, carry dual ancestry from both Villabruna and the Magdalenian-related individuals. Thus, our results suggest an early connection between two potential refugia, resulting in a genetic ancestry that survived in later Iberian HGs. Our new genomic data from Iberian Early and Middle Neolithic individuals show that the dual Iberian HG genomic legacy pertains in the peninsula, suggesting that expanding farmers mixed with local HGs. VIDEO ABSTRACT.